Maple swamp of Mill Brook, view from Bell Rock Road in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, October 2, 2004
Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 7, 2003
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, October 29, 2004
Red maple swamp of Mill Brook, view from Bell Rock Road in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, October 2, 2004
Maple swamp of Mill Brook, view from Bell Rock Road in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, October 2, 2004
A fish stairs(?) in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, October 29, 2004
Pomham Light and Rocks in Providence River, view from East Bay Bike Path. Providence, Rhode Island, March 7, 2004
Ferns in maple swamp of Mill Brook, view from Bell Rock Road in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, October 2, 2004
George Ballard House, c. 1896, in area of Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 14, 2003
Pomham Rocks Light in Providence River, view from a lookout in an apartment complex. Providence, Rhode Island, October 14, 2004
Pomham Rocks Light in Providence River, view from East Bay Bike Path. Providence, Rhode Island, October 14, 2004
A dam on Paskamansett/Slocums River from Rock O Dundee Road in Russells Mills village. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, May 28, 2003
Pomham Light and Rocks in Providence River, view from a private apartment complex. Providence, Rhode Island, March 7, 2004
Early snowfall on Rock Street near Museum of Fall River Historical Society in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, November 13, 2004
A swamp north-east from Doctor s Mill Pond seen from Bell Rock Road in Freetown/Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, May 3, 2003.
Bordered scale lichen (Psora pseudorussellii) on a limestone conglomerate rock near the river in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, January 11, 2019
Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, November 13, 2004
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, November 13, 2003
A garden of Fall River Historical Society during blizzard, view from Rock Street. Fall River, Massachusetts, January 23, 2005.
Rock Street in historic Highlands District, with Byron W. Anthony House (1887) and Remington-Borden House (1858) to the left. Fall River, Massachusetts, January 29, 2004
Fish ladder of a dam in Russells Mill village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, October 8, 2004
Abandoned stone wall in Freetown/Fall River State Forest, near Bell Rock Road. Massachusetts, May 9, 2004
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, November 23, 2003
Remington - Borden House (1858) at 511 Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 8, 2003
Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 7, 2003
Gray s Arch, view from rock shelters. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, May 14, 2004
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, November 28, 2003
Gray s Arch, view from rock shelters. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
Hogs Rock Path in Freetown/Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, April 20, 2003.
Fish ladder(?) of a dam on Paskamansett/Slocums River from Rock O Dundee Road in Russells Mills village. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, May 7, 2004
City Line marker at Bell Rock Road in Freetown/Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, April 27, 2003.
Carr - Osborne House (1842) at 456 Rock Street. Fall River, Massachusetts, January 27, 2005.
View of canyon walls at evening from Sheltowee Trail near Chimney Top Rock. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
Fish ladder of a dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, May 14, 2004
Erosion forms of limestone on a rock shelter at Rough Trail. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
Rock(?) Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, September 5, 2003
Squantum Point and Fuller Rock Reach of Providence River, view from East Bay Bike Path. Providence, Rhode Island, March 7, 2004
A dam on Paskamansett/Slocums River from Rock O Dundee Road in Russells Mills village. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, May 7, 2004
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, November 25, 2004
A house at Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, January 29, 2004
A fish stairs(?) of a dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, January 3, 2004
A pond behind a dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, January 11, 2004
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, October 8, 2004
Erosion forms of limestone in a rock shelter at Rough Trail. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
Hogs Rock in Freetown Fall River State Forest, Massachusetts, April 6, 2003.
A trail between Hog s Rock and Doctor s Mill Pond in Freetown/Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, May 24, 2003
Fighting Rock Corner in a forest one mile north-east from Fall River. Massachusetts, March 9, 2003.
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, January 3, 2004
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, November 28, 2003
George Ballard House, c. 1896, in area of Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 7, 2003
Griffiths M. Haffards House, c. 1883, in area of Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 7, 2003
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, January 3, 2004
Hogs Rock in Freetown Fall River State Forest, Massachusetts, April 6, 2003.
Rock(?) Street in historic Highlands District at evening. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 14, 2003
A rockwall near a road from Bell Rock Road to Doctor s Mill Pond in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, March 14, 2004
A dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, May 14, 2004
Hogs Rock Path in Freetown Fall River State Forest, Massachusetts, April 6, 2003.
Bell Rock Road in Freetown - Fall River State forest. Massachusetts, October 7, 2003
Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 7, 2003
Rocks and Pedernales River in Reimers Ranch park. West from Austin, Texas, December 20, 2008
Rocks along Missouri River, view from Kathy Trail near Columbia, Missouri. October 23, 1999.
Erosion of a limestone rock at Rough Trail. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
Limestone rocks, view from Sheltowee Trail near Chimney Top Rock. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
A trail between Hog s Rock and Doctor s Mill Pond in Freetown/Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, May 24, 2003
View of rock shelters from the top of Gray s Arch. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 7, 2003
A frozen fish stairs(?) of a dam in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, January 11, 2004
A dam and fish stairs(?) in Russells Mills village, on Paskamansett/Slocums River, view from Rock O Dundee Road. Dartmouth, Massachusetts, January 11, 2004
Squantum Point and Fuller Rock Reach of Providence River, view from East Bay Bike Path. Providence, Rhode Island, March 7, 2004
Bushes on rocks along Missouri River, view from Kathy Trail near Columbia, Missouri. October 23, 1999.
A swamp in Freetown - Fall River State Forest from Bell Rock Road. Massachusetts, August 24, 2003
Sheltowee Trail near Chimney Top Rock. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
Hog s Rock Path(?) in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, October 25, 2003
Rock(?) Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 8, 2003
Tree roots and erosion forms on a limestone rock at Rough Trail. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
A fungus (?) on a birch, Sheltowee Trail near Chimney Top Rock. Red River Gorge, Kentucky, November 6, 1999.
From a trail near Hogs Rock in Freetown/Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, April 20, 2003.
East from Bell Rock Road in Freetown/Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, May 3, 2003.
Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 7, 2003
Area of Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 7, 2003
Rocks and bushes along Missouri River, view from Kathy Trail near Columbia, Missouri. October 23, 1999.
A rock in the middle of Bell Rock Road in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, August 24, 2003
Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 6, 2003
Rock Street in historic Highlands District. Fall River, Massachusetts, December 8, 2003
A gate of Haskal Path at Bell Rock Road in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, July 12, 2003
Protruding stone on Bell Rock Road in Freetown - Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, August 6, 2003
Municipal Wharf and Fuller Rock Reach of Providence River, view from East Bay Bike Path. Providence, Rhode Island, March 7, 2004
Fiddleheads on a trail between Hog s Rock and Doctor s Mill Pond in Freetown/Fall River State Forest. Massachusetts, May 24, 2003
Bordered scale lichen (Psora pseudorussellii) on a conglomerate rock near the river in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, January 11, 2019
Partially dry bordered scale lichen (Psora pseudorussellii) on a conglomerate rock near the river in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, January 11, 2019
Bordered scale lichen (Psora pseudorussellii) in wet condition on a conglomerate rock near the river in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, January 11, 2019
Some whitish lichen on a limestone rock near the river in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, January 11, 2019
Button lichen (Buellia) on limestone rock near the river in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, January 11, 2019
Some dark-green crustose lichen on a limestone rock near the river in Pedernales Falls State Park. Johnson City, Texas, January 11, 2019
Ferns on rocks in Roshchinka River in Lindulovskaya Reserve near Roshchino, 30 miles north-west from Saint Petersburg. Russia, May 28, 2021
Ferns and rocks in Roshchinka River in Lindulovskaya Reserve near Roshchino, 30 miles north-west from Saint Petersburg. Russia, May 28, 2021
Mossy rocks in Roshchinka River in Lindulovskaya Reserve near Roshchino, 30 miles north-west from Saint Petersburg. Russia, May 28, 2021
Rocks and ferns in a forest near Roshchinka River in Lindulovskaya Reserve near Roshchino, 30 miles north-west from Saint Petersburg. Russia, May 28, 2021
Black water flowing over rocks in Roshchinka River in Lindulovskaya Reserve near Roshchino, 30 miles north-west from Saint Petersburg. Russia, May 28, 2021
Dark water flowing over rocks in Roshchinka River in Lindulovskaya Larch Grove near Roshchino, 30 miles north-west from Saint Petersburg. Russia, August 4, 2024
This is a view of Vatnajo"kull, the largest ice cap in Europe. Unlike the continent-spanning Greenland Ice Sheet, Vatnajo"kull is a massive glacier that covers several active volcanoes and a large portion of southeast Iceland. Outlet Glaciers: The "fingers" of ice flowing down from the main white ice cap are called outlet glaciers. This view likely shows some of the major southern outlets, such as Breiethamerkurjo"kull or Skeiethararjo"kull, spilling down from the high plateau. The heavily crevassed, blue-tinted ice at the glacier snouts indicates movement and melting. Sandur (Outwash Plain): The vast, dark, flat area in the upper right is a classic Icelandic feature known as a sandur, or glacial outwash plain. It is formed from volcanic sand and gravel washed down from the glacier by meltwater. Braided Rivers: The shimmering, branching rivers crisscrossing the sandur are meltwater channels. Their braided pattern is typical for rivers carrying large amounts of sediment across a flat plain. The dark, ice-free mountains and plains are made of volcanic rock, creating the dramatic "fire and ice" contrast that Iceland is famous for. View from an airplane from Helsinki to Dallas, Iceland, October 17, 2025
Deeper inland over the East Greenland coast, likely near the major glacial systems feeding into the Sermilik Fjord complex. The massive, heavily crevassed glacier visible in the lower center (flowing from left to right) is characteristic of the major outlet glaciers in this region, such as Helheim Glacier or Midgard Glacier. These are some of the largest and fastest-flowing glaciers in Greenland, draining huge volumes of ice from the interior ice sheet into the fjords.:200b The intensely wrinkled texture of the glacier surface is caused by deep crevasses (cracks) that form as the ice flows over uneven bedrock and bends around mountains. The chaotic, shattered appearance indicates rapid movement and significant stress within the ice. The dark, jagged peaks rising above the ice are part of the coastal mountain ranges (likely the Schweizerland Alps mentioned previously). In this view, you can see how the ice sheet wraps around and flows between these mountains, essentially burying the valleys in ice. In the bottom right corner, a turquoise-colored lake is visible. This is a proglacial lake, formed by meltwater trapped between the glacier and the mountains. The distinctive color comes from "glacial flour" (fine rock particles) suspended in the water. This transition from the rugged coastal peaks (in the previous image) to the massive, flowing rivers of ice marks the boundary between the coastal mountains and the vast Greenland Ice Sheet proper. It is the dynamic edge where the ice sheet discharges into the ocean, a critical zone for understanding global sea-level rise. View from a window of an airplane from Helsinki to Dallas, Greenland, October 17, 2025
Calving front (terminus) of one of the major outlet glaciers, likely where the Helheim or Midgard glacier meets the waters of Sermilik Fjord. The most dramatic feature is the boundary where the massive river of ice (center) meets the open water (top right). This "calving front" is where giant icebergs break off into the fjord. The water in the fjord is a milky turquoise, a telltale sign of rock flour (glacial sediment) suspended in the meltwater. The image illustrates how the ice sheet flows like a slow-moving liquid around the resistant mountain peaks (nunataks) in the foreground. You can see the ice splitting and rejoining around these rock islands, creating distinct flow lines and medial moraines (stripes of debris) on the glacier surface. The bare, rocky slopes visible on the nunataks above the current ice level (the "trim line") suggest that the ice was historically thicker here, a visual marker of the glacier s retreat over recent decades. In the center, multiple tributary glaciers appear to be merging into the main channel, contributing to the chaotic, crevassed surface texture as different ice flows collide and accelerate towards the sea. View from a window of an airplane from Helsinki to Dallas, Greenland, October 17, 2025
